Multiple choice: Which property is shared by all living organisms?
A) They all have cell walls
B) They all perform photosynthesis
C) They all maintain homeostasis
D) They all are multicellular

 

Short answer: Describe the main difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

 

Fill in: The basic unit of heredity that encodes a functional product is a __________.

 

True or False: The cell theory states that all cells come from preexisting cells.

 

Multiple choice: Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing most cellular adenosine triphosphate?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Lysosome
C) Mitochondrion
D) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

 

Short answer: Define osmosis in one clear sentence.

 

Fill in: The phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes has hydrophilic __________ and hydrophobic __________.

 

True or False: Simple diffusion requires a membrane transport protein.

 

Multiple choice: Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for catalyzing biochemical reactions in cells?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Lipids
D) Nucleic acids

 

Short answer: What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?

 

Fill in: In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the __________ and translation occurs in the __________.

 

True or False: Hydrogen bonds are stronger than covalent bonds within a molecule.

 

Multiple choice: Which statement correctly describes an enzyme active site?
A) It is a rigid structure that fits all substrates equally well
B) It is a flexible region that forms a specific fit with the substrate
C) It is located only on membrane proteins
D) It is consumed during the reaction

 

Short answer: Define genome in simple terms.

 

Fill in: During mitosis, sister chromatids separate during __________.

 

True or False: Meiosis results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

 

Multiple choice: Which process increases genetic variation during meiosis?
A) Cytokinesis
B) DNA replication
C) Crossing over between homologous chromosomes
D) Binary fission

 

Short answer: What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

 

Fill in: The three-base sequence in messenger RNA that specifies an amino acid is called a __________.

 

True or False: All mutations in DNA lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein.

 

Multiple choice: Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily involved in chromosome movement during cell division?
A) Microfilaments
B) Intermediate filaments
C) Microtubules
D) Actin cortex

 

Short answer: Define allele.

 

Fill in: A cross between individuals that are heterozygous for a single trait is called a __________ cross.

 

True or False: Incomplete dominance results in a heterozygote with a phenotype intermediate between the two homozygotes.

 

Multiple choice: Which molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
A) Messenger RNA
B) Transfer RNA
C) Ribosomal RNA
D) Small nuclear RNA

 

Short answer: What is a promoter region in a gene?

 

Fill in: The plasma membrane is described by the __________ mosaic model.

 

True or False: Primary protein structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids.

 

Multiple choice: Which kingdom includes organisms that are multicellular, photosynthetic, and have cell walls made of cellulose?
A) Animalia
B) Plantae
C) Fungi
D) Protista

 

Short answer: Define homeostasis with one example.

 

Fill in: In ecological terms, the living components of an ecosystem are called the __________ factors.

 

True or False: Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically very efficient, with more than half of the energy passed on.

 

Multiple choice: Which level of biological organization includes all organisms of the same species in a given area?
A) Community
B) Ecosystem
C) Population
D) Biosphere

 

Short answer: Describe the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis.

 

Fill in: The enzyme that links deoxyribonucleotides to synthesize a new strand during DNA replication is __________.

 

True or False: The anticodon is a three-base sequence on messenger RNA that pairs with a codon on transfer RNA.

 

Multiple choice: Which bond stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins such as alpha helices?
A) Ionic bonds between side chains
B) Hydrogen bonds between backbone groups
C) Disulfide bonds between cysteine residues
D) Covalent bonds between peptide backbones

 

Short answer: What is genetic drift?

 

Fill in: The phylogenetic tree represents hypotheses about the __________ relationships among species.

 

True or False: Natural selection acts on individuals, but evolution is a change observed in populations over time.

 

Multiple choice: Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles?
A) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Peroxisome

 

Short answer: Define symbiosis and give one type.

 

Fill in: The nitrogen cycle converts atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by living organisms through __________ fixation.

 

True or False: All viruses are considered living because they have genetic material and reproduce independently.

 

Multiple choice: Which statement about meiosis is correct?
A) It produces diploid somatic cells
B) It consists of one round of division
C) It produces four haploid cells
D) It duplicates chromosomes twice

 

Short answer: What is a transcription factor?

 

Fill in: The semiconservative model of DNA replication means each daughter molecule has one __________ strand and one __________ strand.

 

True or False: A species is typically defined as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

 

Multiple choice: In plants, the opening and closing of stomata are primarily regulated to balance:
A) Mineral uptake and root growth
B) Water loss and carbon dioxide intake
C) Nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis
D) Protein synthesis and respiration

 

Short answer: Define an operon in prokaryotes.

 

Fill in: The small, circular DNA molecules in bacteria that often carry nonessential genes are called __________.

 

True or False: All enzymes function best at the same optimal temperature and pH.

 

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a density-dependent factor that can limit population growth?
A) Natural disaster
B) Seasonal drought
C) Disease transmission
D) Volcanic eruption

 

Short answer: What is a keystone species?

 

Fill in: Primary succession occurs on surfaces where no __________ exists, such as newly formed volcanic rock.

 

True or False: Commensalism is an interaction in which both species benefit.

 

Multiple choice: Which level of protein structure involves interactions between distinct polypeptide chains?
A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Quaternary

 

Short answer: Define apoptosis.

 

Fill in: In a food web, organisms that feed on primary producers are called __________ consumers.

 

True or False: A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable to be considered scientific.

 

Multiple choice: Which process best explains how a new species can arise when a population is physically separated by a geographic barrier?
A) Artificial selection
B) Allopatric speciation
C) Gene flow
D) Stabilizing selection

 

Short answer: What is the function of lysosomes in animal cells?

 

Fill in: In transcription, the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template is called __________ polymerase.

 

True or False: The leading strand during DNA replication is synthesized continuously in the same direction as the fork movement.

 

Multiple choice: Which ecological term describes the role and position of a species in an ecosystem, including its resource use and interactions?
A) Habitat
B) Niche
C) Territory
D) Range

 

Short answer: Define endosymbiosis theory in one or two sentences.

 

Fill in: During translation, peptide bonds are formed between __________ acids to build a polypeptide chain.

 

True or False: A dominant allele is always the most common allele in a population.

 

Multiple choice: Which statement correctly describes a plasmodesma in plants?
A) A protein channel for diffusion of ions only
B) A lipid channel that transports lipids between cells
C) A cytoplasmic channel through cell walls connecting adjacent plant cells
D) A structure that only transports deoxyribonucleic acid

 

Short answer: What is alternative splicing?

 

Fill in: The part of the brain responsible for coordinating voluntary movement and balance is the __________.

 

True or False: In plants, xylem primarily transports sugars, while phloem transports water and minerals.

 

Multiple choice: Which molecule is the primary structural component of plant cell walls?
A) Chitin
B) Cellulose
C) Glycogen
D) Peptidoglycan

 

Short answer: Define gene expression.

 

Fill in: The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and __________.

 

True or False: The secondary structure of deoxyribonucleic acid is a double helix with antiparallel strands.

 

Multiple choice: Which factor is the most direct energy source for most ecosystems on Earth?
A) Heat from Earth’s core
B) Sunlight captured by primary producers
C) Chemical energy from deep-sea vents for all ecosystems
D) Wind energy

 

Short answer: What is a cladogram and what does it show?

 

Fill in: The portion of a gene that codes for amino acid sequence and remains in the mature messenger RNA after splicing is an __________.

 

True or False: Water has a high specific heat capacity, which helps moderate Earth’s climate.

 

Multiple choice: Which statement best describes signal transduction in cells?
A) The direct transport of proteins across membranes without receptors
B) The conversion of an external signal into a specific cellular response through a series of molecular events
C) The replication of DNA in response to nutrient availability
D) The export of messenger RNA from the nucleus

 

Short answer: Define carrying capacity in population ecology.

 

Fill in: A symbiotic relationship where both species benefit is called __________.

 

True or False: Restriction enzymes cut deoxyribonucleic acid at specific sequences and are used in molecular cloning.

 

Multiple choice: Which process produces complementary deoxyribonucleic acid from a messenger RNA template?
A) Transcription
B) Reverse transcription
C) Replication
D) Translation

 

Short answer: What is the role of transfer RNA synthetase enzymes?

 

Fill in: In plants, the primary growth in length of roots and shoots originates from regions called __________.

 

True or False: A phylogeny that requires the fewest evolutionary changes is preferred under the principle of parsimony.

 

Multiple choice: Which biomolecule primarily stores and transmits genetic information?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Lipids
C) Proteins
D) Nucleic acids

 

Short answer: Define epigenetics in one or two sentences.

 

Fill in: The Calvin cycle in photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide to build sugars in the __________ of the chloroplast.

 

True or False: In animals, the primary function of the large intestine is absorption of most nutrients.

 

Multiple choice: Which cellular junction forms a seal that prevents leakage between epithelial cells?
A) Desmosome
B) Gap junction
C) Tight junction
D) Plasmodesma

 

Short answer: What is a prion?

 

Fill in: The process by which organisms with heritable traits better suited to the environment tend to survive and produce more offspring is called __________ selection.

 

True or False: In coevolution, evolutionary changes in one species can drive changes in another interacting species.

 

Multiple choice: Which statement correctly describes a nucleotide?
A) It is composed of a fatty acid and glycerol
B) It is composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
C) It is composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
D) It is composed of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

 

Short answer: Define codominance with an example.

 

Fill in: The type of bond that links amino acids in a protein is called a __________ bond.

 

True or False: The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the stroma of the chloroplast.

 

Multiple choice: Which process allows water to move up a plant against gravity through the xylem?
A) Active transport of water molecules
B) Cohesion–tension mechanism due to transpiration
C) Root pressure alone
D) Diffusion of water vapor through stomata only

 

Short answer: What is the main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in many cells?

 

Fill in: The scientific name of a species uses binomial nomenclature, which includes the __________ name followed by the __________ name.

 

True or False: Gene flow tends to reduce genetic differences between populations.

 

Multiple choice: Which term describes a group of genes that are located close together on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together?
A) Linked genes
B) Codominant genes
C) Polygenic genes
D) Epistatic genes

 

Short answer: Define primary producer in an ecosystem.

 

Fill in: The membrane potential of a neuron at rest is typically __________ millivolts, negative inside relative to outside.

 

True or False: All traits are controlled by a single gene with two alleles.

 

Multiple choice: Which experimental approach separates molecules by size using a porous gel matrix and an electric field?
A) Centrifugation
B) Chromatography
C) Gel electrophoresis
D) Mass spectrometry

 

Short answer: What is horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes?

 

Fill in: In animal development, a ball of cells formed after cleavage is called a __________.

 

True or False: The Hardy–Weinberg principle describes conditions under which allele frequencies remain constant in a population.

 

Multiple choice: Which organelle contains catalase and is involved in detoxifying hydrogen peroxide?
A) Lysosome
B) Peroxisome
C) Mitochondrion
D) Nucleus

 

Short answer: Define community in ecology.

 

Fill in: A trait that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment is an __________.

 

True or False: Microtubules are composed primarily of actin monomers.

 

Multiple choice: Which organ system is primarily responsible for long-distance chemical signaling in animals using hormones?
A) Nervous system
B) Endocrine system
C) Immune system
D) Muscular system

 

Short answer: What is the function of the sodium–potassium pump in animal cells?

 

Fill in: In gene regulation of bacteria, a small molecule that binds a repressor and inactivates it to allow transcription is called an __________.

 

True or False: The primary role of messenger RNA is to carry amino acids to the ribosome.

 

Multiple choice: Which process creates recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid molecules by joining sequences from different sources?
A) Cloning by binary fission
B) Recombinant DNA technology using ligase
C) Natural selection
D) Genetic drift

 

Short answer: Define trophic cascade.

 

Fill in: The type of population growth where growth rate decreases as the population approaches carrying capacity is called __________ growth.

 

True or False: Water potential determines the direction of water movement in plants, moving from higher water potential to lower water potential.

 

Multiple choice: Which statement best defines a gene pool?
A) The sum of all genes within an individual
B) The set of all alleles in a population
C) The number of species in a community
D) The combination of genes in a single chromosome

 

Short answer: What is the function of chaperone proteins?

 

Fill in: In plants, the movement of sugars from sources to sinks through phloem is called __________.

 

True or False: In animals, antibodies are part of the innate immune response.