A lever in which the fulcrum is between the applied force and the resistance is classified as a:
A) First class lever
B) Second class lever
C) Third class lever
D) Fourth class lever

​

When a person performs a calf raise, the ankle joint functions as which class of lever?
A) First class
B) Second class
C) Third class
D) Fourth class

​

In elbow flexion during a biceps curl, the lever system is primarily:
A) First class
B) Second class
C) Third class
D) Fourth class

​

Torque is mathematically defined as:
A) Force plus displacement
B) Force times perpendicular distance from the axis
C) Mass times acceleration
D) Power divided by time

​

If torque remains constant but the moment arm decreases, the required muscle force must:
A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) Remain unchanged
D) Become zero

​

True or false: Center of mass can lie outside the physical boundaries of the body.

​

Fill in the blank: The product of mass and acceleration is called ____________________________.

​

Short answer: Define kinematics and give one example of a kinematic variable.

​

Which of the following is an example of a scalar quantity?
A) Force
B) Velocity
C) Displacement
D) Speed

​

Which variable is a vector quantity?
A) Mass
B) Distance
C) Speed
D) Acceleration

​

The unit of work in the International System of Units is the:
A) Newton
B) Joule
C) Watt
D) Pascal

​

Power is defined as:
A) Work divided by time
B) Force times distance
C) Mass times velocity
D) Impulse divided by force

​

Impulse is equal to:
A) Work times distance
B) Force times time
C) Power divided by acceleration
D) Mass times displacement

​

The law of inertia states that:
A) Force equals mass times acceleration
B) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by external force
C) For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
D) Momentum is conserved in a closed system

​

True or false: Linear momentum is calculated as mass times velocity.

​

Fill in the blank: The tendency of an object to resist angular acceleration is called ____________________________.

​

Short answer: What is the difference between kinetics and kinematics?

​

The ground reaction force is an application of which law?
A) Newton’s first law
B) Newton’s second law
C) Newton’s third law
D) Law of gravitation

​

If a runner pushes backward on the ground with 500 newtons of force, the ground reaction force forward on the runner is:
A) Less than 500 newtons
B) Greater than 500 newtons
C) Equal to 500 newtons
D) Zero

​

During a vertical jump, increasing the time spent applying upward force will most directly increase:
A) Impulse
B) Power
C) Center of mass height at rest
D) Efficiency

​

True or false: Friction always acts in the same direction as motion.

​

Fill in the blank: The point about which a body rotates is called the ____________________________.

​

Short answer: Define mechanical advantage.

​

When a figure skater pulls the arms in while spinning, the angular velocity increases because of:
A) Conservation of energy
B) Conservation of angular momentum
C) Increase in external torque
D) Loss of inertia

​

Which of the following best describes an elastic collision?
A) Kinetic energy is lost
B) Kinetic energy is conserved
C) Only momentum is conserved
D) Neither energy nor momentum is conserved

​

The International System of Units unit of pressure is:
A) Newton
B) Pascal
C) Joule
D) Watt

​

Center of pressure during standing balance is defined as:
A) The body’s center of mass
B) The point of application of the resultant ground reaction force
C) The midline of the trunk
D) The center of the head

​

The area under a force–time curve represents:
A) Work
B) Impulse
C) Energy
D) Power

​

Which is an example of angular motion?
A) Runner moving in a straight line
B) Arm rotating at the shoulder
C) A sled sliding downhill
D) A car moving along a highway

​

An object launched at twenty meters per second at a forty-five degree angle (ignoring air resistance) has a horizontal velocity component of approximately:
A) Ten meters per second
B) Fourteen point one meters per second
C) Twenty meters per second
D) Twenty-eight point three meters per second

​

True or false: Kinetic energy increases with the square of velocity.

​

Fill in the blank: Work equals force multiplied by ____________________________.

​

Short answer: Define static equilibrium.

​

The slope of a displacement–time graph represents:
A) Acceleration
B) Velocity
C) Force
D) Work

​

The slope of a velocity–time graph represents:
A) Displacement
B) Acceleration
C) Work
D) Impulse

​

If two objects with different masses are dropped from the same height (ignoring air resistance), they:
A) Hit at different times
B) Hit at the same time
C) Accelerate at different rates
D) Stop midair

​

True or false: Stability increases when the line of gravity falls well inside the base of support.

​

Fill in the blank: The resistance to changes in linear motion is called ____________________________.

​

Short answer: What is the relationship between force and momentum?

​

During a sprint start, pushing harder against the blocks increases:
A) Angular displacement
B) Moment of inertia
C) Momentum
D) Center of pressure range

​

A vector is fully described by:
A) Magnitude only
B) Magnitude and direction
C) Speed and distance
D) Work and energy

​

True or false: Increasing the radius of rotation increases the moment of inertia about that axis.

​

Short answer: Define joint moment.

​

Fill in the blank: The time integral of power equals ____________________________.

​

In landing from a jump, increasing knee and hip flexion generally:
A) Increases peak impact force
B) Decreases peak impact force by lengthening deceleration time
C) Leaves peak impact force unchanged
D) Eliminates ground reaction force

​

When throwing, which sequencing best promotes high end-point speed?
A) Distal-to-proximal
B) Proximal-to-distal
C) Simultaneous
D) Random

​

Which statement about static friction is correct?
A) It is independent of normal force
B) It increases with the normal force until the limit is reached
C) It does not depend on surface materials
D) It always equals kinetic friction

​

True or false: Mechanical work can be negative when a force acts opposite to displacement.

​

Fill in the blank: The distance of the line of action of a force from the axis of rotation, measured perpendicularly, is the ____________________________.

​

Short answer: What does conservation of mechanical energy mean for a system with no nonconservative work?

​

In gait analysis, the early distinct peak in vertical ground reaction force for rearfoot striking typically represents the:
A) Propulsive peak
B) Impact peak
C) Midstance trough
D) Toe-off dip

​

Sampling a very fast motion at too low a frequency produces:
A) Smoothing only
B) Aliasing
C) No effect
D) Better resolution

​

Using an excessively low cutoff in low-pass filtering of kinematics will:
A) Preserve all true movement content
B) Over-smooth and remove meaningful signal
C) Increase noise
D) Create artificial spikes

​

True or false: Center of pressure migration forward during stance indicates loading toward the forefoot.

​

Fill in the blank: The study of forces in fluids and their effects on bodies is called ____________________________.

​

Short answer: Define Reynolds number qualitatively.

​

Aerodynamic drag in typical outdoor running conditions increases approximately with the:
A) Square root of velocity
B) Square of velocity
C) Cube of velocity
D) Fourth power of velocity

​

A force applied away from the center of mass of a rigid body generally causes:
A) Only translation
B) Only rotation
C) Both translation and rotation
D) No motion

​

True or false: The work–energy principle states that the net work done on a body equals its change in kinetic energy.

​

Fill in the blank: The ratio of output work to input work is called ____________________________.

​

Short answer: What does a positive joint power indicate during movement?

​

Which change will reduce the external knee extensor moment in a back squat?
A) Allowing the knees to travel far forward
B) Keeping the shanks more vertical
C) Narrowing the stance only
D) Looking upward

​

Compared with a back squat, a front squat typically produces a larger:
A) Hip extensor moment
B) Knee extensor moment
C) Ankle plantarflexor moment
D) Elbow flexor moment

​

True or false: For a given horizontal speed, a shorter ground contact time in running generally indicates greater leg spring stiffness.

​

Fill in the blank: The linear speed of a point on a rotating segment equals angular velocity times ____________________________.

​

Short answer: Define inverse dynamics in biomechanics.

​

The most stable stance is achieved by:
A) Raising the center of mass and narrowing the base
B) Lowering the center of mass and widening the base
C) Closing the eyes only
D) Turning the head

​

In a sit-to-stand task, moving the trunk forward before lifting primarily:
A) Reduces hip extensor moment
B) Shifts the center of mass forward to reduce required knee extensor moment
C) Eliminates ground reaction force
D) Increases ankle dorsiflexor moment only

​

True or false: Negative work at the knee during landing indicates energy absorption by the knee extensors.

​

Fill in the blank: The height reached by a projectile (neglecting air resistance) depends on initial vertical velocity and ____________________________.

​

Short answer: Why does a long baseball bat feel “heavier” to swing than a short one of the same mass?

​

Which choice best increases impulse during a countermovement jump without changing peak force?
A) Shorten push-off time
B) Lengthen push-off time
C) Reduce countermovement depth
D) Reduce ankle range of motion

​

A bicycle cleat moved posteriorly on the shoe most directly:
A) Increases ankle plantarflexor moment
B) Decreases ankle plantarflexor moment
C) Increases knee extensor moment
D) Eliminates hip moment

​

True or false: The center of mass of a system moves as if all mass and external forces act at that point.

​

Fill in the blank: The ratio of stress to strain in the linear region of a material’s behavior defines ____________________________.

​

Short answer: Define viscoelasticity in biological tissues.

​

In a simple bending situation, tensile stress occurs on the side of the beam that is:
A) Concave
B) Convex
C) Neutral axis
D) Center of mass

​

Which change most increases rotational kinetic energy for a given angular velocity?
A) Decreasing moment of inertia
B) Increasing moment of inertia
C) Decreasing mass only
D) Reducing radius of rotation

​

True or false: Lift force can be generated on an object moving through a fluid even if it is symmetric, if the flow is angled.

​

Fill in the blank: The tendency of a material to return to its original length after unloading is called ____________________________.

​

Short answer: What does a larger mechanical advantage (>1) imply for a lever?

​

During a deadlift, keeping the load close to the body primarily:
A) Increases spinal extensor moment
B) Decreases spinal extensor moment by reducing the horizontal distance to the spine
C) Increases knee extensor moment
D) Eliminates hip extensor moment

​

The coefficient of restitution between a ball and the ground primarily reflects:
A) Surface roughness only
B) Energy loss during impact
C) Air density
D) Spin axis

​

True or false: In static equilibrium, the sum of clockwise and counterclockwise torques must be equal.

​

Fill in the blank: The center line about which normal bending stress changes sign in a beam is the ____________________________.

​

Short answer: Why does smoothing noisy coordinate data with an appropriate low-pass filter improve inverse dynamics?

​

Which factor most strongly increases buoyant force on a swimmer?
A) Higher speed
B) Greater fluid density
C) Darker suit color
D) Lower body mass

​

A runner who increases step frequency while keeping running speed constant will:
A) Increase step length
B) Decrease step length
C) Keep step length the same
D) Stop bouncing vertically

​

True or false: Negative joint power indicates energy generation.

​

Fill in the blank: The maximum static friction force before sliding occurs equals the coefficient of static friction times the ____________________________.

​

Short answer: Define center of mass in simple terms.

​

When balancing a seesaw, a lighter person can balance a heavier person by:
A) Moving closer to the fulcrum
B) Moving farther from the fulcrum
C) Standing on the heavier side
D) Increasing friction

​

During a push-up, shifting body weight forward toward the hands primarily increases:
A) Elbow flexor moment
B) Shoulder flexor moment
C) Shoulder extensor moment
D) Hip extensor moment

​

True or false: The power produced during a movement is maximal when both force and velocity are at their individual maxima.

​

Fill in the blank: A measurement error that is consistent and directional across trials is called ____________________________ error.

​

Short answer: Why is choosing an appropriate sampling frequency essential for motion capture?

​

The best way to increase range of a projectile that must be released higher than it lands (for example, a shot put) is often to:
A) Use a forty-five degree angle regardless
B) Use a launch angle less than forty-five degrees
C) Use a launch angle greater than sixty degrees
D) Decrease release speed

​

A person carrying a load on one side can reduce trunk muscle demand by:
A) Leaning away from the load
B) Leaning slightly toward the load
C) Walking faster
D) Holding the breath

​

True or false: Series elastic components in muscle–tendon units store and return mechanical energy during stretch–shorten cycles.

​

Fill in the blank: The product of force and velocity at a joint equals joint ____________________________.

​

Short answer: What does co-contraction of antagonistic muscles around a joint do to joint stiffness?

​

The plane in which shoulder abduction primarily occurs is the:
A) Sagittal plane
B) Frontal plane
C) Transverse plane
D) Oblique plane

​

Which adjustment reduces the external knee extensor moment the most during stair descent?
A) Keeping the center of mass far behind the knee
B) Reducing forward knee travel over the toes
C) Using a handrail to reduce net external load
D) Increasing step length only

​

True or false: A rigid body can experience zero net force yet nonzero torque.

​

Fill in the blank: The horizontal distance from the ground reaction force vector to a joint center defines the joint ____________________________ for that force.

​

Short answer: Why does a long landing mat reduce injury risk in gymnastics?

​

In cycling, moving the saddle forward generally:
A) Increases hip extensor moment and decreases knee extensor moment
B) Decreases hip extensor moment and increases knee extensor moment
C) Decreases both hip and knee moments
D) Increases ankle plantarflexor moment only

​

When a diver tucks midair, the primary biomechanical effect is to:
A) Increase moment of inertia and slow rotation
B) Decrease moment of inertia and speed rotation
C) Stop rotation
D) Change linear momentum

​

True or false: The net external moment at a joint can be zero even when large internal muscle forces are present.

​

Fill in the blank: The path traced by the center of pressure under the foot during stance is often called the center of pressure ____________________________.

​

Short answer: Define static friction qualitatively.

​

Which combination best increases jump height?
A) Greater impulse and higher takeoff speed
B) Shorter force application time with the same force
C) Lower takeoff speed with higher angle
D) Reduced countermovement

​

A sprinter accelerates fastest when the ground reaction force vector has a large:
A) Downward vertical component only
B) Forward horizontal component
C) Backward horizontal component
D) Upward vertical component only

​

True or false: A body in purely translational equilibrium can still rotate if torques are present.

​

Fill in the blank: The rotational analog of mass is ____________________________.

​

Short answer: Why is it advantageous to keep a barbell over the midfoot during a deadlift?

​

Which factor most decreases air resistance on a cyclist?
A) Wearing loose clothing
B) Lowering frontal area and improving posture
C) Using heavier wheels
D) Raising the head

​

During level walking, the center of mass path is best described as:
A) A flat line
B) A smooth sinusoidal-like path in three dimensions
C) A series of step changes
D) A random pattern

​

True or false: The magnitude of the buoyant force equals the weight of displaced fluid.

​

Fill in the blank: The rotational work done by a torque equals torque times ____________________________.

​

Short answer: Why is angular momentum often used to analyze whole-body rotation in midair?

​

In a bench press, widening the grip typically:
A) Decreases shoulder abduction moment
B) Increases shoulder abduction moment
C) Eliminates elbow extensor moment
D) Increases hip extensor moment

​

Which parameter most directly determines the peak centripetal force during a turn while running a curve?
A) Body mass and curve radius only
B) Speed squared divided by curve radius
C) Air density
D) Step frequency only

​

True or false: The same external torque can cause different angular accelerations if moments of inertia differ.

​

Fill in the blank: The study of how loads are transferred through bones and joints under static conditions is called ____________________________.

​

Short answer: What happens to joint reaction forces when co-contraction increases at a joint?

​

Which factor most reduces peak landing force when step height cannot change?
A) Reduce knee flexion
B) Increase landing time by flexing hips and knees
C) Stiffen the ankle
D) Land on the heels with locked knees

​

A runner experiences the greatest shoe–ground friction requirement during:
A) Mid-flight
B) Initial braking phase of stance
C) Toe-off only
D) Mid-stance vertical peak

​

True or false: A material that exhibits hysteresis dissipates energy during loading–unloading cycles.

​

Fill in the blank: The vertical line from the center of mass to the ground is called the line of ____________________________.

​

Short answer: Define degrees of freedom for a rigid body in three-dimensional space.

​

During a kettlebell swing, the peak external moment at the hip occurs primarily when:
A) The bell is at the top of the arc
B) The bell passes near mid-swing with the greatest horizontal distance from the hip
C) The bell is on the ground
D) The bell is above the head

​

Which change most increases the risk of aliasing in motion capture?
A) Increasing sampling frequency
B) Decreasing sampling frequency
C) Using a wider lens
D) Filtering after capture

​

True or false: For a freely rotating figure skater in air, internal muscle actions can change angular momentum.

 

Fill in the blank: The slope of the stress–strain curve in the linear region represents material ____________________________.

 

Short answer: Why might a runner choose a higher step frequency at the same speed to reduce injury risk?

 

A baseball pitcher increases ball speed mainly by:
A) Increasing ball mass
B) Increasing release speed through proximal-to-distal sequencing and long acceleration path
C) Decreasing stride length
D) Reducing trunk rotation

 

Which statement about joint power is correct?
A) Positive joint power indicates absorption
B) Negative joint power indicates generation
C) Positive joint power indicates generation
D) Joint power does not relate to muscle action

 

True or false: Inverse dynamics requires both kinematic data and external force data to estimate joint moments accurately.

 

Fill in the blank: The relationship showing that force capacity declines as shortening velocity increases is called the force–____________________________ relationship.

 

Short answer: Why does keeping the head and torso upright during a squat increase the knee extensor demand compared with a forward-leaning technique?