Motor behavior primarily studies:
A) The chemistry of muscle fibers only
B) How movements are acquired, controlled, and refined across the lifespan
C) The sociology of sport only
D) The physics of equipment design only

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Fitts and Posner’s three stages of learning are:
A) Cognitive, associative, autonomous
B) Novice, expert, master
C) Sensory, motor, premotor
D) Planning, execution, evaluation

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Gentile’s taxonomy organizes skills by:
A) Muscle fiber type
B) Environmental context and action function
C) Coaching style
D) Equipment brand

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In open-loop control, movement is:
A) Fully corrected during execution by feedback
B) Preprogrammed and executed without online correction
C) Always slow and precise
D) Determined only by reflexes

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Closed-loop control is best for:
A) Very rapid ballistic actions
B) Slow, continuous, accuracy-demanding tasks
C) Movements without goals
D) Reflex-only tasks

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The speed–accuracy trade-off described by Fitts law states that:
A) Speed and accuracy always improve together
B) As speed increases, accuracy tends to decrease for aimed movements
C) Accuracy is independent of speed
D) Only novices show this trade-off

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Hick–Hyman law relates reaction time to:
A) Muscle strength
B) Number of stimulus–response alternatives
C) Body mass index
D) Age only

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Stimulus–response compatibility refers to:
A) Matching limb to the largest muscle
B) How naturally a response maps to a stimulus
C) The size of the stimulus
D) The color of the equipment

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The psychological refractory period demonstrates:
A) Parallel processing of two responses
B) A bottleneck in response selection to closely spaced stimuli
C) Only sensory adaptation
D) Purely muscular fatigue

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An external focus of attention typically:
A) Harms performance and learning
B) Enhances performance and learning compared with an internal focus
C) Has no effect
D) Only helps experts

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Practice variability tends to:
A) Reduce learning
B) Enhance schema formation and transfer
C) Only help during blocked practice
D) Prevent retention

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Contextual interference refers to:
A) Equipment noise
B) The learning benefit of practicing multiple skills in a mixed or random order
C) Distracting music
D) Wind conditions

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Knowledge of results is feedback about:
A) Joint angles
B) The outcome or goal success of the movement
C) Muscle activation pattern
D) Heart rate only

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Knowledge of performance is feedback about:
A) Outcome score only
B) The movement pattern or technique
C) Day of the week
D) Weather

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Bandwidth feedback means:
A) Feedback after every trial
B) Feedback only when errors exceed a preset tolerance
C) No feedback at all
D) Feedback only at the end of the season

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Faded feedback schedule is:
A) Increasing frequency of feedback over time
B) Decreasing feedback frequency as skill improves
C) Feedback only in retention tests
D) Feedback every trial

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Guidance hypothesis suggests that too much augmented feedback can:
A) Always improve learning
B) Create dependency and harm retention
C) Have no effect
D) Only help advanced performers

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Blocked practice usually produces:
A) Strong practice performance and strong learning
B) Strong practice performance but weaker retention and transfer
C) Weak practice performance and weak learning
D) No effect

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Whole practice is generally better than part practice when the skill has:
A) Low organization and high complexity
B) High organization and low complexity
C) High organization and high complexity
D) Low organization and low complexity

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Segmentation, simplification, and fractionization are types of:
A) Equipment maintenance
B) Part practice strategies
C) Motivation techniques
D) Nutrition plans

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Motor equivalence means:
A) Only one muscle can produce a movement
B) The same goal can be achieved by different effectors or movement patterns
C) The same movement is always produced
D) Variability is always error

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Degrees of freedom problem refers to:
A) Lack of joint motion
B) The challenge of coordinating many independent elements in movement
C) Too few muscles
D) Only psychological issues

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Synergies or coordinative structures are:
A) Unrelated muscle groups
B) Functionally linked muscle groupings that act as a unit
C) Only reflexes
D) Psychological strategies

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Dynamical systems perspective emphasizes:
A) Only top-down commands
B) Self-organization of movement patterns through constraints and task demands
C) Randomness without structure
D) Anatomy only

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An attractor state in coordination is:
A) A random pattern
B) A stable, preferred movement pattern
C) A psychological bias only
D) A laboratory artifact

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Relative phase is used to describe:
A) Muscle fiber length
B) The timing relationship between oscillating limbs or segments
C) Cognitive workload
D) Vision sharpness

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Internal models in the nervous system refer to:
A) External coaching cues
B) Neural representations that predict and control movement outcomes
C) Muscle hypertrophy
D) Joint laxity

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Proprioception includes signals from:
A) Retina and cochlea only
B) Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, joint and cutaneous receptors
C) Taste buds
D) Semicircular canals only

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The vestibular system primarily senses:
A) Skin stretch
B) Head movement and orientation in space
C) Light intensity
D) Muscle tension only

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Deafferentation experiments show that:
A) Feedback is never used
B) Some preprogrammed actions can be executed without peripheral feedback
C) Movement is impossible without vision
D) Reflexes vanish completely

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Quiet eye refers to:
A) Closing eyes before action
B) A longer final fixation on a critical target before movement initiation
C) Eye blinks during movement
D) Random gaze behavior

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Observational learning is most effective when:
A) The demonstration is random and unclear
B) The demonstration emphasizes key invariant features and is viewed close to practice time
C) There is no demonstration
D) Only errors are shown

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Mental practice (imagery) tends to:
A) Harm learning
B) Produce learning benefits smaller than physical practice but greater than no practice
C) Equal physical practice always
D) Only help experts

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Retention tests primarily assess:
A) Performance during practice
B) Long-term persistence of the capability after practice and after a delay
C) Motivation during practice
D) Warm-up effects only

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Transfer tests assess:
A) The same task under identical conditions
B) The adaptability of the learned capability to new variations or contexts
C) Only reaction time
D) Only strength

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A performance variable that can mask learning during practice is:
A) Temporary fatigue or arousal changes
B) Height
C) Sex
D) Eye color

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Warm-up decrement refers to:
A) Heat loss in muscles
B) A short-term drop in performance after a period without practice, quickly recovered
C) Chronic overtraining
D) Dehydration

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Error-based learning can be enhanced by:
A) Eliminating all errors
B) Allowing manageable errors with timely feedback
C) Giving no goals
D) Ignoring results

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Differential learning encourages:
A) Repeating a single pattern perfectly every time
B) Practicing with purposeful variability to expand the solution space
C) No goals
D) Only slow movements

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A constraints-led approach manipulates:
A) Only physiology
B) Task, environmental, and individual constraints to guide emergent solutions
C) Nutrition
D) Equipment color only

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Intrinsic feedback is:
A) Augmented information from a coach
B) Sensory information the performer naturally receives during and after movement
C) A video replay
D) A scorecard

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Augmented feedback is:
A) Internal sensation
B) Externally provided information such as verbal cues, video, or biofeedback
C) Random feelings
D) Muscle fatigue

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Concurrent feedback is delivered:
A) Before practice
B) During the movement
C) Only in retention
D) Only in transfer

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Terminal feedback is delivered:
A) Before movement
B) After movement completion
C) During movement only
D) Never

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Knowledge of results is most helpful when:
A) The goal is unclear
B) The outcome is not easily detectable by the learner
C) The learner can feel the outcome perfectly
D) The task is purely cognitive

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Implicit learning methods often:
A) Use explicit rules and frequent instructions
B) Minimize explicit verbal rules and rely on discovery and external focus
C) Require step-by-step checklists
D) Avoid practice variability

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Choking under pressure is more likely when:
A) Focus is external on movement effects
B) There is reinvestment of attention into step-by-step control of well learned skills
C) Arousal is optimally matched to task difficulty
D) Feedback is faded appropriately

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According to Yerkes–Dodson, performance and arousal have:
A) A monotonic positive relation for all tasks
B) An inverted U relation, with optimal arousal depending on task complexity
C) No relation
D) A monotonic negative relation

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Task specificity principle suggests that learning is greatest when:
A) Practice conditions differ from the target context
B) Practice matches sensory, cognitive, and motor demands of the target task
C) Practice is random without relevance
D) Only strength is trained

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Schema theory proposes that the learner stores:
A) Exact copies of every movement
B) Generalized rules linking parameters to outcomes across varied practice
C) Only visual images
D) Only strength measures

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A generalized motor program contains:
A) Fixed invariant features and adjustable parameters
B) Only parameters
C) No structure
D) Only reflexes

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Bimanual coordination difficulties at certain frequency ratios show that:
A) Limbs are independent at all times
B) Limbs tend to couple, favoring stable patterns like in-phase and anti-phase
C) Only one limb can move at a time
D) Coordination is random

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Action–perception coupling means:
A) Vision is unnecessary
B) Perception guides action and action changes perception in a continuous loop
C) Perception and action are independent
D) Only cognition matters

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Affordances are:
A) Muscular properties only
B) Opportunities for action offered by the environment relative to the actor
C) Coaching styles
D) Rules of a sport only

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Self-controlled practice schedules typically:
A) Reduce motivation
B) Improve motivation and learning when learners can request feedback or choose trials
C) Harm learning
D) Eliminate structure

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Error amplification during practice can:
A) Always harm learning
B) Help learners detect and correct movement patterns
C) Make outcomes meaningless
D) Remove variability

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The guidance technique (for example, physical assistance) should be used:
A) All the time
B) Sparingly to reduce risk and demonstrate feel, then withdrawn
C) Only in retention
D) Never

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Attentional capacity during dual-tasking is:
A) Unlimited
B) Limited, leading to performance costs when tasks compete for resources
C) Increased by fatigue
D) Unaffected by task similarity

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Short-term performance boosts from loud encouragement often:
A) Guarantee long-term learning
B) Do not necessarily translate to retention or transfer
C) Replace practice
D) Eliminate errors

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A novice typically benefits most from feedback that is:
A) Highly frequent early, then faded
B) Very sparse from the start
C) Only in retention tests
D) Always terminal summary only

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Experienced performers often benefit from feedback that is:
A) Constant after every trial
B) Summary, bandwidth, or self-controlled
C) Absent entirely
D) Only outcome-based

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Random practice benefits are often explained by:
A) Elaboration and reconstruction processes
B) Muscle fatigue
C) Heart rate changes
D) Temperature

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Blocked practice benefits are:
A) Stronger retention
B) Better immediate performance and lower cognitive load
C) Better transfer
D) Always optimal

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Short answer: Define motor learning and distinguish it from performance.

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Short answer: Describe one situation where part practice would be recommended and one where whole practice is preferable.

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Short answer: Provide two strategies to reduce choking under pressure in skilled performers.

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Short answer: Give two ways to increase contextual interference in a practice plan.

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Short answer: List two benefits and one drawback of observational learning.

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Short answer: Explain why variability in practice can support transfer.

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Short answer: What is the purpose of a retention interval in experiments on motor learning?

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Short answer: Describe bandwidth feedback with a practical example.

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Short answer: Why might self-controlled feedback improve learning?

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Short answer: Identify two organismic constraints, two environmental constraints, and two task constraints for learning to ride a bicycle.

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True or false: Reaction time generally increases as the number of response alternatives increases.

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True or false: An external focus of attention often produces better learning than an internal focus for many skills.

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True or false: High practice performance guarantees high retention.

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True or false: Random practice typically harms retention compared with blocked practice.

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True or false: Knowledge of results and knowledge of performance are identical.

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True or false: Too frequent augmented feedback can create learner dependency.

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True or false: Whole practice is always better than part practice.

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True or false: Quiet eye duration tends to be longer in experts than novices in aiming tasks.

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True or false: The vestibular system contributes to balance and orientation during movement.

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True or false: In a constraints-led approach, the coach prescribes exact joint angles to solve the task.

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Fill in the blank: In Fitts and Posner’s model, the ____________________________ stage is marked by heavy cognitive effort and verbalization.

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Fill in the blank: Practicing multiple skills in a mixed order creates ____________________________ interference that often benefits learning.

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Fill in the blank: A stable, preferred coordination pattern in dynamical systems theory is called an ____________________________.

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Fill in the blank: Feedback supplied by a coach, device, or video is called ____________________________ feedback.

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Fill in the blank: Focusing attention on the movement’s effect on the environment is called an ____________________________ focus.

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Fill in the blank: The relation between speed and accuracy in aimed movements is formally captured by ____________________________ law.

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Fill in the blank: A relatively permanent change in capability for skilled performance is called motor ____________________________.

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Fill in the blank: The practice principle that best learning occurs when practice matches the target context is called ____________________________ of practice.

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Fill in the blank: The difference between maximum and minimum limb angles over a cycle is a measure of movement ____________________________.

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Fill in the blank: The challenge of coordinating many independent joints and muscles is known as the degrees of ____________________________ problem.

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Fill in the blank: The final steady gaze on a relevant target before movement initiation is called ____________________________ eye.

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Fill in the blank: The internal neural prediction of movement consequences is produced by a ____________________________ model.

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Fill in the blank: The timing relation between two rhythmic limbs is termed relative ____________________________.

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Fill in the blank: When feedback is given only if the error exceeds a preset tolerance, it is called ____________________________ feedback.

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Fill in the blank: The short-term drop in performance after a break that quickly recovers is called warm-up ____________________________.

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Fill in the blank: Autonomy-supportive practice where learners choose when to receive feedback is called ____________________________-controlled practice.

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Fill in the blank: The mapping quality between stimulus and response that speeds choices is called stimulus–response ____________________________.