Multiple choice: Which nutrient class directly provides energy to the body?
A) Vitamins
B) Minerals
C) Carbohydrates
D) Water

 

Short answer: State the energy values per gram for carbohydrate, protein, fat, and alcohol.

 

Fill in: An essential nutrient is one that the body __________ make in adequate amounts and therefore must obtain from the diet.

 

True or False: Dietary fiber is digested and absorbed in the small intestine to provide glucose directly.

 

Multiple choice: Which type of fatty acid has no double bonds?
A) Monounsaturated fatty acid
B) Polyunsaturated fatty acid
C) Saturated fatty acid
D) Trans fatty acid

 

Short answer: Define complete protein and give an example food source.

 

Fill in: The two essential fatty acids are linoleic acid (omega-6) and __________ (omega-3).

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True or False: Cholesterol is found in both animal foods and plant foods.

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Multiple choice: Which lipoprotein primarily transports cholesterol from the liver to tissues?
A) Chylomicron
B) Very low-density lipoprotein
C) Low-density lipoprotein
D) High-density lipoprotein

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Short answer: Describe the primary functions of dietary fiber in human health.

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Fill in: The enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose is __________.

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True or False: Starch and glycogen are both storage forms of glucose, but glycogen is the primary storage form in animals.

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Multiple choice: Which micronutrient enhances intestinal absorption of calcium?
A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin D
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin E

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Short answer: State one major function of vitamin A and name a rich food source.

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Fill in: The water-soluble vitamins include the B-vitamin group and vitamin __________.

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True or False: Vitamin K is needed for the activation of several blood-clotting proteins.

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Multiple choice: Which mineral is the principal intracellular cation in the body?
A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Calcium
D) Chloride

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Short answer: Explain the role of iodine in human physiology.

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Fill in: Iron is transported in the blood bound to __________ and stored mainly as ferritin.

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True or False: Nonheme iron from plants is absorbed equally as well as heme iron from animal sources without any dietary enhancers.

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Multiple choice: Which vitamin is required for collagen synthesis and wound healing?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin E

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Short answer: Define basal metabolic rate in one clear sentence.

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Fill in: Body mass index equals body mass in kilograms divided by height in meters __________.

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True or False: The thermic effect of food is the energy cost of digesting, absorbing, and processing nutrients.

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Multiple choice: Which statement best describes the glycemic index?
A) It measures the fiber content of a food
B) It ranks foods by their effect on blood glucose compared with a reference food
C) It reports the total carbohydrate grams per serving
D) It indicates the energy density of a food

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Short answer: Explain the difference between enrichment and fortification of foods.

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Fill in: The recommended dietary allowance is designed to meet the needs of about __________ percent of healthy individuals in a life-stage group.

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True or False: The tolerable upper intake level is a recommended goal for daily intake.

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Multiple choice: Which component on the Nutrition Facts label is used to show how a serving contributes to daily intake?
A) Serving size
B) Percent Daily Value
C) Ingredient list
D) Allergen statement

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Short answer: Describe one major role of magnesium in the body.

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Fill in: Sodium intake is a major dietary factor influencing __________ blood pressure in many individuals.

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True or False: Most adults require the same energy intake regardless of age, body size, and activity level.

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Multiple choice: Which statement about water balance is correct?
A) Thirst is a perfect indicator of hydration in all conditions
B) The kidneys, skin, lungs, and feces are routes of water loss
C) Water is stored in the body in large reservoirs for later use
D) Beverages are the only meaningful source of water

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Short answer: State one nutritional consideration unique to older adults.

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Fill in: During pregnancy, supplemental __________ is advised to reduce the risk of neural tube defects.

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True or False: Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for about the first six months for most infants when possible.

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Multiple choice: Which trace mineral is a cofactor for hundreds of enzymes involved in immunity and protein synthesis?
A) Zinc
B) Selenium
C) Fluoride
D) Chromium

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Short answer: Explain why vitamin B12 status can be a concern in strict vegan diets.

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Fill in: The primary site of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is the __________ intestine.

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True or False: Bile acids are produced by the pancreas and stored in the gallbladder.

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Multiple choice: Which process best describes how fats are transported from intestinal cells after a meal?
A) As free fatty acids directly into the portal vein
B) As glycerol only into the lymph
C) As chylomicrons into the lymphatic system
D) As phospholipids into the hepatic artery

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Short answer: Define nitrogen balance and interpret a zero value.

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Fill in: Protein quality reflects the protein’s digestibility and its amino acid __________ compared with human needs.

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True or False: All carbohydrates have the same effect on blood glucose regardless of fiber, form, and processing.

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Multiple choice: Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin with sunlight exposure?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin K

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Short answer: Give one role of vitamin E in the body.

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Fill in: Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds found in __________ that may have health benefits beyond basic nutrition.

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True or False: Whole grains contain the bran, germ, and endosperm, whereas refined grains include only the endosperm.

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Multiple choice: Which statement about sodium and potassium is accurate?
A) Both are mainly inside cells
B) Sodium is mainly inside cells and potassium is mainly outside
C) Sodium is mainly outside cells and potassium is mainly inside
D) Both are mainly outside cells

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Short answer: Describe one function of selenium in human biology.

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Fill in: The major storage form of carbohydrate in humans is __________, found primarily in liver and muscle.

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True or False: Fat-soluble vitamins are more readily excreted in urine than water-soluble vitamins.

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Multiple choice: Which dietary pattern characteristic is most consistently linked to improved health outcomes?
A) High intake of processed meats
B) Abundant intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains
C) Very low carbohydrate with minimal plant foods
D) Exclusive reliance on supplements

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Short answer: Explain the difference between food allergy and food intolerance.

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Fill in: The temperature range known as the “danger zone” for bacterial growth is roughly __________ to __________ degrees Celsius.

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True or False: Cross-contamination occurs when pathogens are transferred from raw foods or surfaces to ready-to-eat foods.

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Multiple choice: Which statement about probiotics and prebiotics is correct?
A) Probiotics are non-digestible fibers that feed microbes; prebiotics are live microbes
B) Probiotics are live beneficial microbes; prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that feed them
C) Both are live microbes
D) Both are non-digestible fibers

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Short answer: State one nutritional concern for pregnancy besides folate.

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Fill in: The main carbohydrate in human milk is __________, which promotes beneficial gut bacteria.

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True or False: Alcohol provides energy and essential nutrients.

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Multiple choice: Which factor most strongly influences basal metabolic rate?
A) Daily carbohydrate intake alone
B) Current body mass and lean body mass
C) Skin color
D) Taste preferences

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Short answer: Explain why whole-food sources of nutrients are generally preferred over supplements for most people.

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Fill in: The primary emulsifiers that aid fat digestion in the small intestine are __________ acids.

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True or False: Protein requirements are the same for all adults regardless of life stage or health status.

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Multiple choice: Which carbohydrate is a disaccharide?
A) Glucose
B) Fructose
C) Lactose
D) Starch

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Short answer: Define energy density and give an example of a low energy-density food.

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Fill in: The main storage form of fat in the human body is __________.

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True or False: Vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor for efficient absorption in the small intestine.

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Multiple choice: Which mineral, along with vitamin D, is central to bone mineralization?
A) Sodium
B) Calcium
C) Iron
D) Zinc

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Short answer: What does “nutrient density” mean and why does it matter?

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Fill in: Gluten is a protein complex found in grains such as wheat, __________, and rye.

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True or False: Omega-3 fatty acids from fish can be formed efficiently from plant alpha-linolenic acid in all individuals.

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Multiple choice: Which vitamin deficiency is classically associated with night blindness?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin K

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Short answer: Name one strategy to improve nonheme iron absorption from a plant-based meal.

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Fill in: The primary carbohydrate stored in plants that contributes to dietary carbohydrate intake is __________.

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True or False: All saturated fats have identical effects on human health.

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Multiple choice: Which statement about dietary sodium is most accurate?
A) Most sodium in many diets comes from salt added at the table
B) Most sodium intake comes from processed and restaurant foods
C) Natural foods contain the majority of sodium in diets
D) Sodium intake cannot be reduced by reading labels

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Short answer: Explain the role of choline in human nutrition.

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Fill in: The disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose is __________.

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True or False: Fortified plant milks always match the protein and micronutrient profile of cow’s milk.

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Multiple choice: Which population has an increased need for folate?
A) Adult men with low activity
B) Pregnant people and those who may become pregnant
C) Older adults only
D) Endurance athletes only

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Short answer: Describe one way the gut microbiome influences nutrition.

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Fill in: A food allergy involves an adverse __________ response to a specific food protein.

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True or False: Energy balance is achieved when energy intake equals energy expenditure over time.

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Multiple choice: Which factor is most useful for evaluating weight status in population studies?
A) Waist circumference alone
B) Skinfold thickness alone
C) Body mass index
D) Bioelectrical impedance only

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Short answer: Give one reason why dietary patterns are emphasized over single nutrients in guidelines.

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Fill in: Lactose intolerance symptoms result from low activity of the enzyme __________ in the small intestine.

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True or False: Boiling vegetables always destroys all water-soluble vitamins.

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Multiple choice: Which statement about energy needs during lactation is correct?
A) Energy needs decrease below pre-pregnancy levels
B) Energy needs increase to support milk production
C) Energy needs are unchanged
D) Energy needs depend only on infant sex

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Short answer: Explain why iodine is added to table salt in many countries.

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Fill in: The principal cation in extracellular fluid is __________ and the principal cation in intracellular fluid is __________.

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True or False: Dietary cholesterol intake has the same effect on blood cholesterol in all individuals.

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Multiple choice: Which food is most likely to provide vitamin K for normal blood clotting?
A) Citrus fruits
B) Leafy green vegetables
C) White rice
D) Vegetable oils only

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Short answer: State one reason whole fruits are generally preferred over fruit juices.

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Fill in: The term __________ describes a food that contains live microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit.

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True or False: The mineral fluoride helps strengthen tooth enamel and reduce dental caries risk.

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Multiple choice: Which macronutrient has the highest thermic effect of food on average?
A) Fat
B) Carbohydrate
C) Protein
D) Alcohol

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Short answer: Why is hydration assessment based on urine color limited?

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Fill in: A food label ingredient list is ordered by __________ in the product at the time of manufacture.

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True or False: Most people need supplemental megadoses of vitamins to meet requirements.

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Multiple choice: Which statement best describes “empty-calorie” foods?
A) Foods that contain only water and fiber
B) Foods high in energy but low in essential nutrients
C) Foods that contain only micronutrients and no energy
D) Foods that are raw and unprocessed

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Short answer: Provide one strategy to reduce sodium intake without sacrificing flavor.

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Fill in: The storage form of vitamin A in the liver is __________.

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True or False: Plant-based diets can provide adequate protein when varied and energy needs are met.

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Multiple choice: Which carbohydrate category includes pectin and beta-glucan?
A) Insoluble fiber
B) Soluble fiber
C) Disaccharides
D) Sugar alcohols

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Short answer: Why is vitamin B12 deficiency sometimes missed in older adults?

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Fill in: A nutritionally significant difference between brown rice and white rice is that brown rice retains the __________ and __________.

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True or False: Eating patterns high in ultra-processed foods are generally associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality.

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Multiple choice: Which statement about protein needs is accurate?
A) Protein needs are identical for all adults
B) Growth, pregnancy, and illness increase protein needs
C) Protein needs are unrelated to energy intake
D) Protein needs depend only on sex

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Short answer: Explain one reason to include nuts and seeds in a balanced diet.

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Fill in: The primary sugar found naturally in fruit is __________.

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True or False: Cooking methods do not influence the retention of vitamins and minerals in foods.

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Multiple choice: Which group is at higher risk of low vitamin D status?
A) People with abundant year-round sun exposure
B) People with darker skin living at high latitudes
C) Outdoor workers near the equator
D) People consuming large amounts of fortified foods

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Short answer: Name one role of phosphorus in the body.

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Fill in: A food described as “high fiber” on the label must meet a defined __________ claim set by regulation.

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True or False: Eating fish twice per week is a common recommendation to obtain long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.

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Multiple choice: Which is the best beverage choice for routine hydration for most healthy adults?
A) Sugar-sweetened beverages
B) Water
C) Energy drinks
D) Fruit juice

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Short answer: State one benefit of choosing fermented foods such as yogurt or kefir.

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Fill in: The body’s immediate energy currency used by cells is __________ triphosphate.

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True or False: Whole-food sources of potassium, such as fruits and vegetables, can help offset the effects of high sodium intake on blood pressure.

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Multiple choice: Which nutrient is most likely to be low in a poorly planned vegan diet if not fortified or supplemented?
A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin B12
C) Vitamin K
D) Fiber

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Short answer: Why are legumes valuable in a plant-forward eating pattern?

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Fill in: The process of adding iodine to table salt is an example of food __________ to improve public health.

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True or False: The ingredient list on a food label can help identify sources of added sugars and fats.

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Multiple choice: Which best describes the role of vitamin K in bone?
A) It increases calcium absorption in the intestine
B) It activates proteins involved in bone mineralization
C) It serves as a primary antioxidant in bone
D) It replaces the role of vitamin D

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Short answer: Give one example of a realistic strategy to increase vegetable intake.

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Fill in: The term __________ refers to the degree to which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body.

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True or False: People with lactose intolerance must avoid all dairy foods.

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Multiple choice: Which statement about caffeine is accurate for nutrition?
A) Caffeine provides essential nutrients
B) Moderate caffeine intake can be compatible with a healthy diet for most adults
C) Caffeine has zero physiological effects
D) Caffeine always causes dehydration

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Short answer: Why is handwashing a critical nutrition-related behavior?

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Fill in: People who do not consume fish may obtain long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from __________ supplements made from microalgae.

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True or False: A diverse diet pattern that includes many plant foods can improve micronutrient adequacy.