The primary goal of first aid is to:
A) Replace professional medical treatment entirely
B) Preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, and promote recovery
C) Provide definitive diagnosis at the scene
D) Transport the person without assessment

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When approaching a scene, the first action should be to:
A) Start chest compressions immediately
B) Apply a tourniquet
C) Ensure the scene is safe for the rescuer and others
D) Move the injured person

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The correct order of assessment in an unresponsive adult is:
A) Check breathing → shout for help → check responsiveness
B) Check responsiveness → call for help/activate emergency response → check breathing and pulse
C) Call for help → check pulse → check bleeding
D) Check bleeding → check temperature → start compressions

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High-quality chest compressions for adults are performed at a rate of:
A) 60 to 80 compressions per minute
B) 80 to 100 compressions per minute
C) 100 to 120 compressions per minute
D) Over 140 compressions per minute

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The recommended depth of adult chest compressions is:
A) About 2 centimeters
B) About 3 centimeters
C) At least 5 centimeters but not more than 6 centimeters
D) Over 8 centimeters

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Allowing full chest recoil between compressions is important because it:
A) Increases respiratory rate
B) Maximizes venous return to the heart
C) Prevents gastric inflation
D) Cools the myocardium

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If an adult is unresponsive and not breathing normally, the bystander should first:
A) Look for medical bracelets for two minutes
B) Leave to get help without calling
C) Activate emergency response and get an automated external defibrillator if available
D) Give water

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An automated external defibrillator analyzes rhythm and advises a shock for:
A) Ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia
B) Asystole
C) Normal sinus rhythm
D) Any slow rhythm

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When using an automated external defibrillator on an adult, the pads should be placed:
A) One on the left wrist and one on the right wrist
B) Anterolateral on the chest (right upper chest and left lateral chest)
C) Both over the sternum
D) One on the neck and one on the abdomen

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If an automated external defibrillator says “no shock advised,” the rescuer should:
A) Remove the pads
B) Immediately resume chest compressions
C) Wait two minutes without action
D) Give water to the person

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The recommended compression-to-ventilation ratio for single-rescuer adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation is:
A) 15 compressions to 2 breaths
B) 30 compressions to 2 breaths
C) 50 compressions to 5 breaths
D) 10 compressions to 1 breath

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Rescue breaths for an adult with a pulse but inadequate breathing should be delivered:
A) One breath every 2 seconds
B) One breath every 5 to 6 seconds
C) One breath every 10 seconds
D) Continuous rapid breaths

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The best way to open the airway in an unresponsive adult without suspected spinal injury is:
A) Jaw thrust without head tilt
B) Head-tilt chin-lift
C) Neck flexion
D) Lift by the teeth

​

If spinal injury is suspected, the preferred airway maneuver is:
A) Head-tilt chin-lift
B) Jaw thrust without head tilt
C) Neck rotation
D) Cricoid pressure only

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For an adult, each rescue breath should be delivered over:
A) 0.5 seconds
B) 1 second, enough to see chest rise
C) 3 seconds
D) 5 seconds

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An effective way to relieve severe airway obstruction in a conscious adult is:
A) Back slaps only
B) Abdominal thrusts (also called the Heimlich maneuver)
C) Chest compressions only
D) Giving a drink of water

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For a conscious pregnant person with severe choking, the preferred technique is:
A) Abdominal thrusts
B) Chest thrusts
C) Back blows only
D) No intervention

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If a choking adult becomes unresponsive, the rescuer should:
A) Perform blind finger sweeps repeatedly
B) Start chest compressions and check the mouth between cycles for visible objects
C) Give large volumes of water
D) Use only back slaps

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For severe external bleeding from a limb that does not stop with direct pressure, the next step is to:
A) Elevate and wait
B) Apply a tourniquet proximal to the wound according to training
C) Apply ice only
D) Use a narrow cord to tie tightly

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First aid for a suspected long-bone fracture includes:
A) Forcing the limb straight
B) Splinting the limb in the position found and controlling bleeding
C) Removing all clothing and moving the person immediately
D) Applying heat directly

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For a thermal burn with intact skin, the initial first aid measure is to:
A) Apply ice directly
B) Cool the burn with cool running water for several minutes
C) Apply butter or grease
D) Pop blisters

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Signs of severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) may include:
A) Localized mild rash only
B) Wheezing, swelling of the face or tongue, trouble breathing, low blood pressure
C) Only sneezing
D) Only mild itch

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First aid for suspected anaphylaxis includes:
A) Waiting to see if it improves
B) Immediate use of an epinephrine auto-injector if available and activation of emergency response
C) Giving antihistamine only
D) Applying a tourniquet

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For suspected stroke, the most important first aid action is to:
A) Give food and drink
B) Perform complex neurological tests
C) Recognize signs (for example, facial droop, arm weakness, speech difficulty) and activate emergency services promptly
D) Wait an hour

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For a person with heat exhaustion, appropriate first aid includes:
A) Immediate ice bath only
B) Move to a cooler place, remove excess clothing, and give cool fluids if alert
C) Withhold fluids
D) Force intense exercise to acclimate

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For suspected heat stroke (high temperature with central nervous system symptoms), first aid should prioritize:
A) Slow cooling over hours
B) Rapid cooling (for example, cold water immersion if available) and emergency activation
C) Withhold cooling to avoid shock
D) Encourage running to sweat

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For hypothermia, first aid should:
A) Rub limbs vigorously
B) Move to a warm environment, remove wet clothing, insulate, and handle gently
C) Apply ice packs
D) Give large amounts of alcohol

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An adult with suspected heart attack classically reports:
A) Brief, stabbing pain lasting one second
B) Pressure or tightness in chest possibly radiating, with sweating or nausea
C) Only foot pain
D) Only ear pain

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A person with known low blood sugar who is awake and can swallow should receive:
A) Insulin
B) A fast source of sugar (for example, glucose tablets or juice)
C) Water only
D) High-protein foods only

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For a knocked-out tooth (permanent), first aid includes:
A) Scrubbing the root
B) Keeping the tooth moist in milk or saline and seeking urgent dental care
C) Letting it dry
D) Holding it by the root

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In a bleeding nose without major trauma, first aid is:
A) Tilt head back and pack deep into the nose
B) Lean forward and pinch the soft part of the nose for several minutes
C) Lie flat
D) Blow forcefully

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The recovery position for a breathing, unresponsive adult is used to:
A) Prevent spinal movement
B) Maintain an open airway and allow fluids to drain
C) Increase blood pressure
D) Restrict breathing

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During cardiopulmonary resuscitation, interruptions to chest compressions should be:
A) Frequent to allow rescuer rest
B) Less than 10 seconds whenever possible
C) At least 30 seconds between cycles
D) After each compression

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When two trained rescuers provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation for an infant, the compression-to-ventilation ratio is:
A) 30 compressions to 2 breaths
B) 15 compressions to 2 breaths
C) 50 compressions to 5 breaths
D) Continuous compressions without breaths

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For infants, chest compressions are delivered with:
A) One hand on the sternum
B) Two fingers just below the nipple line on the sternum for a single rescuer (or two-thumb encircling technique for two rescuers)
C) Elbows
D) The heel of both hands

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The recommended compression depth for infants is:
A) About 1 centimeter
B) About one third the anterior–posterior diameter of the chest (approximately 4 centimeters)
C) 6 centimeters
D) As deep as possible

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A sign of effective ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is:
A) Excessive chest rise and gastric distention
B) Visible chest rise with each breath and avoidance of overventilation
C) No chest movement
D) Loud air leak

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In advanced cardiovascular life support, high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation includes targeting an end-tidal carbon dioxide of at least:
A) 5 millimeters of mercury
B) 10 millimeters of mercury
C) 25 millimeters of mercury
D) 60 millimeters of mercury

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The first medication recommended for adult cardiac arrest of nonperfusing rhythms is commonly:
A) Atropine
B) Epinephrine one milligram through a vein or into bone every three to five minutes
C) Dopamine
D) Lidocaine only

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For shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia in advanced cardiovascular life support, an antiarrhythmic that may be used is:
A) Amiodarone
B) Atropine
C) Adenosine
D) Verapamil

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Synchronized cardioversion is preferred over unsynchronized shocks for:
A) Ventricular fibrillation
B) Pulseless ventricular tachycardia
C) Unstable supraventricular tachycardia with a pulse
D) Asystole

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Atropine is indicated primarily for:
A) Ventricular fibrillation
B) Profound symptomatic slow heart rhythm (bradycardia)
C) Pulseless electrical activity
D) Stable narrow complex tachycardia

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When advanced airway placement is achieved during resuscitation, ventilation should be delivered:
A) One breath every 2 to 3 seconds with pauses in compressions
B) One breath every 6 seconds with continuous compressions
C) Continuous rapid breaths with frequent pauses
D) Only after each shock

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Return of spontaneous circulation is suggested by:
A) Persistently flat capnography
B) Abrupt sustained increase in end-tidal carbon dioxide and signs of life such as a palpable pulse
C) Continued unconsciousness
D) Decreased oxygen saturation

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Post–return of spontaneous circulation care should prioritize:
A) Immediate discharge
B) Airway, breathing, blood pressure optimization, targeted oxygen levels, and prompt cause evaluation
C) Withhold oxygen
D) Hyperventilation

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Identifying reversible causes of cardiac arrest often uses the “Hs and Ts,” which include:
A) Only hypoglycemia and tension pneumothorax
B) A group of common causes such as hypoxia, hypovolemia, hydrogen ion (acidosis), hypo/hyperkalemia, hypothermia; tension pneumothorax, tamponade, toxins, thrombosis pulmonary, thrombosis coronary
C) Only trauma
D) Only toxins

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For opioid overdose with weak or absent breathing, first aid and basic life support recommend:
A) Only watching and waiting
B) Rescue breathing, cardiopulmonary resuscitation if no pulse, and use of naloxone if available
C) Giving alcohol
D) Placing in a hot bath

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During defibrillation for ventricular fibrillation, the most important factor is:
A) The exact defibrillator brand
B) Minimizing chest compression interruptions before and after shocks
C) Choosing the longest analysis time
D) Turning off capnography

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For drowning victims, the initial emphasis is on:
A) Abdominal thrusts
B) Immediate rescue breathing and chest compressions if needed
C) Draining water from lungs by hanging upside down
D) Withholding breaths until on land

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Pale, cool, sweaty skin with a weak rapid pulse after injury suggests:
A) Heat stroke
B) Circulatory shock
C) Hypoglycemia alone
D) Migraine

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For an open chest wound with bubbling air, first aid includes:
A) Occlusive dressing taped on three sides if trained, monitoring breathing, and activating emergency response
B) Packing deep with gauze and sealing on all sides regardless
C) Ignoring until later
D) Applying ice

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For suspected spinal injury after trauma with a breathing person, first aid includes:
A) Twisting the head to align it
B) Manual stabilization of the head and neck in the position found and preventing movement
C) Flexing the neck for comfort
D) Forcing the person to stand

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For a chemical splash in the eye, first aid is to:
A) Cover both eyes and wait
B) Rinse the affected eye with clean water continuously for at least 15 minutes
C) Apply ointment
D) Rub the eye

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For frostbite, appropriate first aid includes:
A) Rubbing the area to warm it
B) Rapid rewarming in warm (not hot) water and protecting from refreezing
C) Using dry heat directly (for example, stove)
D) Walking on frozen feet to restore circulation

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A person with chest discomfort becomes unresponsive and gasps occasionally; this breathing is most consistent with:
A) Normal breathing
B) Agonal breathing, which is not normal and indicates need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation
C) Sleep apnea
D) Hyperventilation

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A common sign of internal bleeding after trauma is:
A) Bright red bleeding from the skin
B) Bruising, swelling, and signs of shock without external bleeding
C) Itching only
D) Ear ringing only

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For a person with severe asthma attack who has an inhaler, first aid is to:
A) Withhold medication
B) Assist with their prescribed inhaler and monitor breathing while activating emergency response if severe
C) Give sedatives
D) Force running for conditioning

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True or false: Hands-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (compressions without breaths) for an adult by an untrained bystander is recommended until a defibrillator or trained help arrives.

 

True or false: Checking for a pulse should take no more than 10 seconds during basic life support.

 

True or false: During cardiopulmonary resuscitation, frequent ventilation with large volumes improves survival.

 

True or false: An automated external defibrillator can be used safely on a wet surface if the chest is dried and pads adhere.

 

True or false: Do not place automated external defibrillator pads over a medication patch; remove the patch and wipe the area first.

 

True or false: For an adult, compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation is never acceptable.

 

True or false: In advanced cardiovascular life support, epinephrine is given for shockable and nonshockable cardiac arrest rhythms.

 

True or false: For a person with hypothermia, rough handling can precipitate dangerous heart rhythms.

 

True or false: In severe bleeding, direct pressure is the first-line method of control.

 

True or false: In a person with suspected stroke, giving anything by mouth is recommended while waiting for help.

 

Fill in the blank: Adult chest compressions should be performed at a rate of ____________________________ to ____________________________ per minute.

 

Fill in the blank: Adult chest compression depth should be at least ____________________________ centimeters but not more than ____________________________ centimeters.

 

Fill in the blank: The first step when using an automated external defibrillator is to turn it ____________________________ and follow the prompts.

 

Fill in the blank: The ratio of compressions to breaths for single-rescuer adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation is ____________________________ to ____________________________.

 

Fill in the blank: The airway maneuver recommended when spinal injury is suspected is the ____________________________ thrust.

 

Fill in the blank: In advanced cardiovascular life support, reversible causes of cardiac arrest are remembered as the “____________________________ and ____________________________.”

 

Fill in the blank: Return of spontaneous circulation is often accompanied by a sudden rise in ____________________________ carbon dioxide.

 

Fill in the blank: For severe allergic reaction, the first-line medication is ____________________________.

 

Fill in the blank: For eye chemical exposure, irrigate with clean water for at least ____________________________ minutes.

 

Fill in the blank: The lateral ____________________________ position helps maintain an open airway in an unresponsive breathing person.

 

Short answer: Describe the steps a lone rescuer should take upon witnessing an adult collapse in public.

 

Short answer: Explain why minimizing interruptions in chest compressions is important during resuscitation.

 

Short answer: List three signs that suggest severe airway obstruction in a conscious adult.

 

Short answer: Outline key elements of post–return of spontaneous circulation care.

 

Short answer: Provide safe first aid steps for a suspected ankle sprain.

 

Short answer: Describe how to use an epinephrine auto-injector for suspected anaphylaxis.

 

Short answer: State two reasons to prefer chest thrusts over abdominal thrusts in some choking people.

 

Short answer: Explain why overventilation is harmful during advanced cardiovascular life support.

 

Short answer: Give two reasons why a defibrillator pad should not be placed directly over an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator.

 

Short answer: Describe safe first aid for a penetrating object in an extremity.